Showing posts with label general knowledge. Show all posts
Showing posts with label general knowledge. Show all posts

Friday, May 10, 2013

health~ Run 1 hour = 9 hours Extra Life

article grabbed from here :)


Every Minute Of Exercise Could Lengthen Your Life Seven Minutes


At a recent dinner party, a geeky friend of mine was cheerily justifying the piles of money he spends on a personal trainer. He’s feeling so great that it’s worth every cent, he exulted, “And the best part is the return on the time! Every minute you spend working out comes back to you, because you’ll live that much longer!”
“Really?” I wondered. I knew vaguely that being active lengthens life expectancy, but was the return on time spent really 1 to 1?
Certainly, I hoped it was. It’s a daily struggle to make the time to exercise, and the current federal health guidelines call for at least 150 minutes a week of moderate exercise — a lot of time that somehow manages to seem like even more, magnified by the “should” it adds to so many days. There are hundreds of other reasons to exercise, and the one that works best for me is wanting to feel at my best on that very day. But it would be very comforting, I thought, if I knew that all of that time would come back to me.
Not only do you get the time back, it comes back to you multiplied — possibly by as much as seven or eight or nine.
Let me cut to the happy conclusion: It seems that it does. And then some. If you play with the data of a recent major paper on exercise and longevity, you can calculate that not only do you get the time back; it comes back to you multiplied — possibly by as much as seven or eight or nine.
To quote Tom Anthony, a regular CommonHealth reader with a Harvard physics degree who kindly helped me with the math, “I wish I could get these paybacks in the stock market.”
This is all a bit of a public health parlor game, of course, resting on averages and approximations. You, personally, could work out ten hours a week and still die flukishly young. But the math looked so striking that I asked for a reality check from Dr. I-Min Lee of Brigham and Women’s Hospital, a Harvard professor and senior author of that recent paper, “Leisure Time Physical Activity of Moderate to Vigorous Intensity And Mortality: A Large Pooled Cohort Analysis.”
Yes, she confirmed, she had not calculated out the question before, but according to her data, a middle-aged person who gets the recommended 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise — defined as the level of brisk walking — can expect a 1-to-7 return: seven extra minutes of life gained for each minute spent exercising.
Some background: The paper on exercise and longevity broke ground by calculating for the first time the gains in life expectancy from various levels of activity. In the past, researchers had found that in general, being active gains people from two to four years of life, though some calculations concluded that it was a wash, that active people gained only as much time as they spent exercising.
(Of course, Dr. Lee noted, it’s not just how long you live, it’s how well, and exercise is key to quality of life, particularly in older age: “My mentor said it best: It’s not the years you add to your life, it’s the life you add to your years.”)
Dr. Lee’s paper drew on pooled data from six large studies that included more than 650,000 people followed over ten years, and showed that people who exercised at the recommended level gained 3.4 years of life after age 40. According to its numbers, she said:
Say you start with someone 45 years old who begins to follow the 150-minute-a-week recommendation. Average American life expectancy is 78. So: “If you start exercising at 45 and you die at 78, that means that you exercise for 33 years, at 150 minutes a week. I calculated that over 33 years you would need to spend basically 4,290 hours in exercise, which is 179 days of exercise, which is less than half a year. So that’s half a year, and you gain almost three and a half years, so it is worth exercising. That’s an approximate scenario using reasonable assumptions, and you’re getting a 1-to-7 return.”
And, I asked, what if you exercise more vigorously than the brisk-walking level?
In general, she said, more strenuous exercise has approximately double the effect. So, for example, 75 minutes of jogging has roughly the effect of 150 minutes of brisk walking. “So instead of gaining seven times the time spent, you’d be gaining 14 times.”
The curve of gain tapers off at some point.
Back-of-the-envelope math aside, many caveats are in order, including Dr. Lee’s warning that the gains do not extend infinitely. (If they did, wouldn’t we be able to live forever so long as we spent every minute exercising? Feels like a science fiction story waiting to be written.)
“Yes — if you do a little, you gain a little; if you do more, you gain more,” she said. “But the curve of gain tapers off at some point. We aren’t sure exactly at what point the risks outweigh the benefits. But this point is clearly higher than most people would do. The most common risks are musculo-skeletal injuries; we know these occur more frequently with longer duration and/or more intense physical activity.” Also, people who have long been sedentary and suddenly start exercising — like the classic snow-shovelers who keel over — run heart risks.
The message, she says, is: “If you do nothing now, just start with a little bit of exercise. If you already do a little bit, try to get the 150 minutes that are recommended. And our current recommendations say that if you’re willing to go up to 300 minutes, you do get additional benefits.”
Tom Anthony’s math came out very similar:
Computing years of life gained after age 40, running for two hours a week should gain you about four years of life. “So that is roughly 100 hours per year for your remaining 40 years or 4,000 hours in total for all 40 years. In one year, there are 24 hr/day X 365 days = 8,760 hours. So four additional years is 8,760 hr/yr X 4 yr = 35,040 hours of life gained. To gain these extra hours, you expended 4,000 hour of running. So the payback ratio is 35,040 hours gain/ 4,000 hours expended = 8.8.
Running for an hour gives you 9 hours of extra life.
Brisk walking for an hour gives you 2.9/8 X 9 = 3.2 hours of extra life.
Biking for an hour at less than 10 mph gives you 4/8 X 9 = 4.5 hours of extra life
Rope jumping for an hour gives you 10/8 X 9= 11 hours of extra life
Calisthenics for an hour gives you 8/8 X 9 = 9 extra hours of life
Here’s a bit more from the press release on Dr. Lee’s study, adding some interesting data about obesity and exercise that I’d sum up as “Better to be a bit fat and fit than normal weight but inactive”:
“We found that adding low amounts of physical activity to one’s daily routine, such as 75 minutes of brisk walking per week, was associated with increased longevity: a gain of 1.8 years of life expectancy after age 40, compared with doing no such activity,” explained I-Min Lee, MD, associate epidemiologist in the Department of Preventive Medicine at BWH and senior author on this study. “Physical activity above this minimal level was associated with additional gains in longevity. For example, walking briskly for at least 450 minutes a week was associated with a gain of 4.5 years. Further, physical activity was associated with greater longevity among persons in all BMI groups: those normal weight, overweight, and obese.”
Also:
The findings show that physical activity was associated with longer life expectancies across a range of activity levels and BMI groups. Participation in a low level of leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity, comparable to up to 75 min of brisk walking per week, was associated with a 19 percent reduced risk of mortality compared to no such activity.
Assuming a causal relationship, which is not specifically demonstrated in this research, this level of activity would confer a 1.8 year gain in life expectancy after age 40, compared with no activity. For those who did the equivalent to 150–299 min of brisk walking per week–the basic amount of physical activity currently recommended by the federal government–the gain in life expectancy was 3.4 years. These benefits were seen in both men and women, and among white and black participants. Importantly, they were also observed among persons who were normal weight, overweight, and obese. Participants faring best were those who were both normal weight and active: among normal weight persons who were active at the level recommended by the federal government, researchers observed a gain in life expectancy of 7.2 years, compared to those with a BMI of 35 or more who did no leisure time physical activity (a 5 ft 5 in tall person with BMI of 35 weighs 210 lb).

Thursday, May 2, 2013

health~ Contact lens melt in his eye!

article grabbed from here :)
Important Information :

A 21 year old guy had worn a pair of contact lenses during a barbecue party.(An event or meal at which food is cooked outdoors over an open grill or fire)
While barbecuing he stared at the fire charcoals continuously for 2-3 minutes.
After a few minutes, he started to scream for help and moved rapidly, jumping up and down.
No one in the party knew why he was doing this?

Then he admitted into the Hospital, the doctor said he'll be blind permanently because of the contact lenses that he had worn.
Contact lenses are made by plastics, and the heat from the charcoal melted his contact lenses.

DO NOT WEAR CONTACT LENSES WHERE OVERHEATING AND FLAMES ARE CONCERNED.... OR WHILE COOKING...!



pic source

Wednesday, May 1, 2013

Good Idea~ GET RID of FLIES on your dining table

How to get rid of flies on your dining table!

Keep pieces of lemon on the dining table with Cloves embedded in the lemon, all flies will run away.

Lee Chow Yang, Ph.D.
Professor of Entomology (Urban & Industrial)
School of Biological Sciences
Universiti Sains Malaysia
11800 Penang, Malaysia.


Homepage - http://web.me.com/chowyang


Tuesday, April 23, 2013

general knowledge~ World English day! 23 April !


English, along with French, is one of the two working languages of the United Nations Secretariat, and one of the Organization's six official and working languages.
Because it is so widely spoken, English is often referred to as a "world language", or the lingua franca of the modern era.

Language Days at the UN

English Language Day at the UN is celebrated on 23 April, the date traditionally observed as the birthday ofWilliam Shakespeare. The Day is the result of a 2010initiative by the Department of Public Information, establishing language days for each of the Organization's six official languages. The purpose of the UN's language days is to celebrate multilingualism and cultural diversity as well as to promote equal use of all six official languages throughout the Organization.
Under the initiative, UN duty stations around the world celebrate six separate days, each dedicated to one of the Organization's six official languages.
The days are as follows:
Language Days at the UN aim to entertain as well as inform, with the goal of increasing awareness and respect for the history, culture and achievements of each of the six working languages among the UN community
"All the world's a stage.
And all the men and
women merely players."

From 'As You Like It'
by William Shakespeare

Wednesday, April 3, 2013

general knowledge~ The world's first scientific illustrators

Today's Google Doodle honours one of the world's first scientific illustrators (and entomologists!), Maria Sibylla Merian








to know more about her..
find out more : http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/grrlscientist/2013/apr/02/maria-sibylla-merian-artist-insects-science

Saturday, March 30, 2013

animals~ Egg-Eating Snake






  Starting at 2:45, you can see the moving x-ray of the egg-eating snake swallowing the egg. Continuing through the end of the video, the snake cracks the shell, allows the yolk inside to drain into its stomach, and regurgitates the eggshell.


Friday, March 29, 2013

Animals~ SNAKE EAT SNAKE



MONDAY, JULY 16, 2012
by Andrew Durso


Snake-eating snakes
Click here to view this article in Spanish!
Haga clic aquí para ver este artículo en español!

I've mentioned before how snakes can eat nearly anything, due to amazing adaptations of their head and jaws that allow them to swallow objects bigger than their heads. But surely they must be limited to eating prey that are shorter than they are in overall length, right? What about items that are just a bit longer?

African Egg-eating Snake, Dasypeltis scabra


There are a wide variety of snakes that eat other elongate vertebrates, including other snakes, legless lizards, lizards with relatively small legs (like skinks), amphisbaenians, caecilians, and eels (today we'll focus on snakes, but look out for future articles on some of these other specialized diets). In many ways, this kind of diet is convenient for a snake, because they are already elongate, so they don't have to deform their stomachs, bodies, and mouths to the same extent as snakes that eat bulkier prey. Many are relatively primitive snakes that retain the robust skulls of their lizard-like ancestors, but quite a few derived snakes are snake-eaters as well, including the King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah, the world's largest venomous snake.

The genus Ophiophagus means 'snake-eating'


Other familiar snake-eaters include the North American Kingsnakes (genus Lampropeltis), which have evolved resistance to the venom of many species of viper. Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) and their Central and South American relatives are also frequent snake eaters, and many other species of North American colubrids sometimes dine on each other, including Racers (Coluber constrictor), Coachwhips (genus Masticophis, now sometimes included in the racer genus Coluber), Garter and Ribbon Snakes (genus Thamnophis), and Coral Snakes (genus Micrurus). Among their prey are many of North America's venomous snakes, including the Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), Cottonmouth (or water mocassin, Agkistrodon piscivorus), and many species of rattlesnake (genera Crotalus and Sistrurus), as well as many non-venomous species of snake. Because all snakes are predatory, the existence of snake-eating snakes implies that some snakes are feeding at a very high trophic level indeed, and indeed they may represent top predators in some ecosystems.

Just how does a snake accomplish eating another? It is an arduous process, especially when the prey snake is as long as or longer than the predator. It's true: some snakes are able to ingest other snakes that equal or exceed their own body length. That means that these snakes must fit an object longer than their entire body into just their stomach, which (perhaps it goes without saying) is not as long as their whole body. The prey must be fit into the stomach, and cannot extend into the intestine or the esophagus, because the lining of the stomach is the only part of the digestive system that secretes digestive enzymes.

Body width is not nearly as much as a problem - snakes have highly kinetic skulls and very strong and flexible trunk muscles, so they can both expand their body cavity and compress their prey in order to accommodate very wide meals. But there is a limit to the length of their gut - it cannot extend into their tail, which is solid with muscle, nor can the prey easily be left hanging out of the mouth, where it could impede the snake's movement, interfere with sensory processes, or begin to decompose.



As determined in a paper by one of my favorite herpetologists, Kate Jackson, the author of the popular herpetological book Mean and Lowly Things, the solution hit upon by North American Kingsnakes seems to be to throw the prey into waves to decrease its length and pack it into the space available. They accomplish this by concertina-like motions of their own vertebral column, which causes the (dead) prey snake's body to conform in shape to that of its predator. The predator snake can then straighten out again while advancing its jaws, so that the standing waves were left in the body of the prey snake. As you can see from the below X-ray images, taken from Jackson's paper with  functional morphologists Nathan Kley and Elizabeth Brainerd, this allows the predator snake to pack pretty long snakes into its gut. It's the same principle as meandering your path increases the total distance you walk without affecting the straight-line distance from your starting point (in this case, the snake's mouth) to your finishing (here, the posterior end of the snake's stomach). Kingsnakes tested in Jackson et al.'s paper were able to ingest Cornsnakes (Pantherophis guttatus) up to 139% of their body length and up to 135% of their pre-feeding body mass, which would be like a 6'0", 175 lb. person eating an 8'4", 236 lb. meal - in one bite. Without using their hands.



As the prey snake is digested, a decrease in wavelength and increase in amplitude of the waves of the prey snake’s vertebral column takes place, because the prey snake's body becomes more compressible as its tissues are digested off. In Jackson's experiment, it took the Kingsnakes about 7-10 days to completely digest these huge meals (although a few of them regurgitated their prey after a couple days).


Once, I was lucky enough to observe a young racer that had just eaten a Ring-necked Snake (Diadophis punctatus) at a nature preserve in east-central Illinois:



As you can see, she was pretty much catatonic. The Ring-necked Snake she had eaten was 26.5 cm in length, and she herself measured only 28.9 cm, so her prey was >90% of her total length! You can really get an impression from this photo of the lumpy, kinked quality of the body of a snake that has recently eaten another, caused by the waves of the prey snake's body inside the gut of the predator.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to Belinda Wright for the photograph of the King Cobra.

REFERENCES

Durso, AM & NM Kiriazis. 2011. Coluber constrictor (North American Racer) Prey Size. Natural History Note. Herpetological Review. 42(2):285.

Jackson K, Kley NJ, Brainerd EL. 2004. How snakes eat snakes: the biomechanical challenges of ophiophagy for the California kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula californiae (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zoology 107(3):191-200.


Tuesday, March 26, 2013

ideas for life~ credit cards can be duped!! BEWARE


Housewife stuck with debts from credit cards she does not own - Nation | The Star Online


Tuesday March 26, 2013


Left in the lurch: Chan showing the police reports she lodged during the press conference as Chor looks on.


ALOR SETAR: A 34-year-old housewife’s venture into business has turned awry after she was asked to settle a RM9,000 debt from credit cards she does not own.
Chan Ai Khim alleged that she had been duped by a 36-year-old man, who claimed to be an agent that could help her secure a bank loan for a small business selling fashion accessories.
“I met him in 2010 through a friend. He claimed that he could help me obtain a bank loan of up to RM100,000, so I gave him photocopies of my identity card, income tax statement and business registration certificate.
“When I asked him about my loan application status months later, he assured me that it would be done. On March 5, I received a lawyer’s letter and bank statements stating that I owed them money,” she said at a press conference organised by Alor Setar MCA in Jalan Pegawai on Sunday.
The man’s outlet in Plaza Tunku Yaacob Complex had also closed down, said Chan.
“I could no longer get in touch with him. I lodged a police report on March 21,” she said.
MCA vice-president Datuk Seri Chor Chee Heung said he had received many complaints on such similar cases.
“Banks should impose tighter rules for credit card applications. I will ask her (Chan) to write an official letter to the relevant banks explaining the situation,” he said.

Friday, March 22, 2013

WOW ! Plants that help to REDUCE RADIATION in your room!!



1. Cactus
  1. Cacti is the best in reducing radiation and bacteria.Cacti is very strong in eliminating bacteria. In tackling pollution, cacti is also great at reducing radiation. In addition, cacti absorbs carbon dioxide at night to release oxygen. Putting cacti in the room is helpful in sleeping and supplementing oxygen. 

Wednesday, March 20, 2013

business~ financial tips for starting internet marketing

So, you are looking to open up your own small business, but are not well versed enough in Internet marketing to know the best financial practices? Internet marketing can be both a gift and a curse for small businesses. On one hand, for the inexperienced, marketing online can be a huge money-sink where small business budgets go to disappear, while chasing big aspirations. On the other hand, internet marketing can also provide small businesses with a cheap, yet effective way to advertise them and gain initial traction, so long as they know what they are doing. A few financial tips that you should take into consideration when beginning your internet marketing campaign include;

Advertise Where It’s Affordable for Your Business
The biggest mistake that many startups and small businesses make with internet marketing is choosing advertising that is well beyond their budget. Immediately jumping into paying for Google Adwords advertisements and other paid advertising sources can be beneficial, but may be above the budgets of some small businesses. If your budget is too small for paid advertising sources, look into free options such as classified advertisements and social media marketing to spread the word about your business.

Have A Marketing Budget Set Aside
Your marketing budget should not be included in the general expenses of your business. Try to set marketing funds aside from other business related funds so that you can properly plan the amount that you can afford to spend, without going over budget. Within the marketing budget, you can set aside funds for specific types of marketing or promotion, such as classified advertisements, Adwords campaigns, and Facebook advertisements. This allows you to set daily limits on each of your advertising accounts, and better analyze each of the marketing methods that you are utilizing, cutting out underperforming methods and ramping up those that are giving the largest return on investment.

Use Free Methods Where Available
Almost every small business is going to be working with a very limited budget in the beginning. While you should be looking to cut unnecessary costs wherever available, internet marketing provides you with a unique opportunity to make large scale cuts without a dramatic reduction in the effectiveness of your marketing campaign. Instead of paying for advertising, dedicating more time to promoting your business using the free sources that are available to you will allow you to dramatically cut advertising costs without having to sacrifice the positive impact that the advertising has had on your business. As your business grows and more funds can be dedicated to advertising, you can begin to add new advertising sources to your list. This allows you to grow your marketing spending only when your business can afford it, without taking on too much responsibility at once.

Immediate Impact vs. Brand Recognition
When deciding on the marketing avenues that your business will pursue, you also have to decide what the goals of your marketing budget are. Of course, every business has a goal to increase revenue and become more profitable. However, you also have to divide up your marketing dollars between short term and long term impact. Short term impact refers to sales, and immediate growth while long term impact refers to brand recognition and building a long term marketing strategy for your company.

Outsource Where Available
Many basic and repetitive internet marketing tasks can be done by just about anyone. These include submissions to directories, syndicating content across a variety of websites, and generally trying to get your link in front of as many people as possible. These tasks can be outsourced to individuals around the world that will demand much less money than your in-house employees would, and your employees would likely appreciate not having to do such repetitive tasks.
The Internet is a land of unlimited opportunity for a small business, but that does not mean that you do not have to be diligent, both in plan as well as execution. Know what you want your marketing to accomplish, and find the cheapest way to make it happen.

Read more at http://www.business2community.com/online-marketing/5-financial-tips-for-starting-internet-marketing-0346014#yJzd08OzSBVlXm9J.99 



Saturday, March 2, 2013

health~ waking up tips 2

drink a cup water!
We should drink a cup of water when we woke up, WHY?
This is because that after sleeping for the whole night, we had been dehydrated during the long sleep, thus water intake is necessary every morning!

Besides, our stomach is empty after long sleep, if we take a cup of water as a first intake, it actually same concept as cleaning our stomach, besides, it also enable us to digest our breakfast easily!

Other than that, drinking water can makes you more energetic!!!


Lastly do not forget to put a cup of water or bottle beside your bed.

source : [In Mandarin]
-Photo from-

Wednesday, February 27, 2013

health~ waking up tips 1

slugabed/ sleepy head
Have you realised that it is hard to get up from the bed? Is it because you are lazy? Is it because you are sleepy head sickness? 

You're wrong! You might always felt dizzy when you wake up from the bed, this is because when you push yourself to hard or waking up too fast, it will cause sudden movement of blood flow, that is blood pressure to the brain and there goes, dizziness that you felt!!

source : [In Mandarin]





Wednesday, February 20, 2013

technology~ How to increase lifespan of Laptop's Battery


People have doubts whether you can remove battery when your laptop is on ; People suffered lost from laptop battery's damage or repairing. No worries, I hope the article below really helpful enough to solve your problems! 


Should I Remove My Laptop Battery To Increase its Life? [Geeks Weigh In]

laptop battery lifeDoes running your laptop on AC power damage the battery? Should you remove the battery to increase its lifetime? If you own a laptop, these questions have probably crossed your mind before. The short answer to both questions is: most likely yes. Curious to learn why? Continue reading for all the juicy details.
To support my arguments and recommendations made at the end of this article, I have to provide some background information. So let’s start with the basics…

How Does A Laptop Battery Work?

The type of battery found in laptops today is called Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion). In this type of battery, lithium ions are loosely embedded (intercalated) in the porous carbon of the anode (negative electrode). When the battery is used, the ions flow from the anode to the cathode (positive electrode) through the electrolyte and the separator. This process releases energy and results in a discharge of the battery. When charging, energy is applied to make the ions move in the opposite direction. A charge thus forces them to return to the anode.
laptop battery life

How Do Lithium-Ion Batteries Age?

Theoretically, this process can go back and forth forever. Practically, however, the lifetime of a battery is limited. What happens is that ions get trapped and are no longer available to flow from the anode to the cathode. In other words, the battery loses capacity over time. In fact, Li-Ion batteries start aging the moment they are produced.

What Causes Lithium-Ion Batteries to Age?

Several things:
  1. High voltage and OverchargeLaptops typically have a charge threshold, which prevents overcharging and high voltage. However, constantly keeping the battery at a full charge also is a stress factor that contributes to aging.
  2. HeatRoom temperature (21°C / 70°F) or higher temperatures promote chemical reactions, ultimately causing Li-Ion batteries to lose capacity.
  3. Low TemperaturesTemperatures below 0°C (32°F) can damage materials inside the battery.
  4. Prolonged StorageLi-Ion batteries self-discharge at a rate of approximately 8% per month at 21°C (70°F). This increases with higher temperatures. When stored over long periods of time, the battery can reach a state of deep discharge (charge below 20%).
  5. Physical ShocksBatteries can break.

To Remove or Not To Remove

As indicated in the introduction, the answer is: yes, remove the battery to extend its lifetime!
When you continuously run your laptop on a reliable AC power source, you should definitely remove your battery. Firstly, the battery will not be exposed to heat from your laptop. Secondly, there is not even a remote chance that it will be overcharged or exposed to high voltage. Hence, removing the battery eliminates the two main causes for battery aging.
When I say remove, I don’t mean that you should simply take out the battery. Please turn off your laptop, remove the battery, and then boot your laptop. For safety reasons, please do not remove the battery while your laptop is running.

What Should I Do To Increase My Battery Lifetime?

You can do multiple things. I wrote an entire article on this topic (link above). Below you will find a summary.
Proper treatment of a Li-Ion battery:
  • never discharge battery below 20%
  • always partially discharge, then recharge
  • cycle* battery every few weeks or after 30 partial dis/charges
  • charge at lower voltage (if possible)
  • never leave charged battery in laptop when running on AC power
Cycle means that you discharge the battery to around 20% and then recharge it fully. Going below 20% equals a deep discharge, something you will want to avoid.
Preparing a Li-ion battery for storage:
  • charge battery to 40-50%
  • remove from laptop
  • put into an air-tight zip-lock bag
  • store in fridge at 4-8
  • re-charge to 40-50% every few weeks
When storing your battery, take note how fast it self-discharges and make sure it never goes below 20%.
laptop battery life
For times when you have to run your laptop on battery, you should have a look at this article:20 Ways To Increase Laptop’s Battery Life
What are your experiences with laptop batteries? Do you go through all the hoops to extend the lifetime of your battery?
Image Credits:MedusArtPavel IgnatovD.R.3DAndresr